How to Identify and Value Clocks History Collecting Clocks What to Look For Prices Introduction to Clocks Bracket Clocks Carriage Clocks Longcase Clocks Novelty and Sleleton Clocks Clock Care Clock Restoration More Information 'Time and tide wait for no man.'

The History of Clocks
The history of clocks is very long, and there have been many different types of clocks over the centuries. Not all historians agree on the history of the clock. The word clock was first used in the 14th century (about 700 years ago). It comes from the word for bell in Latin ("clocca").

At best, historians know that 5000 - 6000 years ago, great civilisations in the Middle East and North Africa started to examine forms of clock-making instead of working with only the monthly and annual calendar. Little is known on exactly how these forms worked or indeed the actual deconstruction of the time, but it has been suggested that the intention was to maximise time available to achieve more as the size of the population grew. Perhaps such future periods of time were intented to benefit the community by allotting specific lengths of time to tasks. Was this the beginning of the working week?

Using the Sun
The first way that people could tell the time was by looking at the sun as it crossed the sky. When the sun was directly overhead in the sky, it was the middle of the day, or noon. When the sun was close to the horizon, it was either early morning (sunrise) or early evening (sunset). Telling the time was not very accurate.

Sundial Clocks
With the disappearance of any ancient civilisation, such as the Sumerian culture, knowledge is also lost. Whilst we can but hypothesise on the reasons of why the equivalent to the modern wristwatch was never completed, we know that the ancient Egyptians were next to layout a system of dividing the day into parts, similar to hours.

'Obelisks' (tall four-sided tapered monuments) were carefully constructed and even purposefully geographically located we believe around 3500 BC. A shadow was cast as the Sun moved across the sky by the obelisk, which it appears was then marked out in sections, allowing people to clearly see the two halves of the day. Some of the sections have also been found to indicate the 'year's longest and shortest days', which it is thought were developments added later to allow identification of other important time subdivisions.

Another ancient Egyptian 'shadow clock' or 'sundial' has been discovered to have been in use around 1500 BC, which allowed the measuring of the passage of 'hours'. The sections were divided into ten parts, with two 'twilight hours' indicated, occurring in the morning and the evening. For it to work successfully then at midday or noon, the device had to be turned 180 degrees to measure the afternoon hours.

The Egyptians also used the 'Merkhet', the oldest known astronomical tool, which is believed to have been developed around 600 BC. Two merkhets were used to establish a north-south line which was achieved by lining them up with the 'Pole Star'. This enabled the measurement of night-time hours, when certain stars crossed the marked meridian. By 30 BC, 'Vitruvius' describes thirteen different sundial styles being used across Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy, inherently demonstrating how the development must have grown to be more complex.

Water Clocks
Around 1400 B.C. (about 3,400 years ago), water clocks were invented in Egypt. The name for a water clock is clepsydra (pronounced KLEP-suh-druh).

A water clock was made of two containers of water, one higher than the other. Water traveled from the higher container to the lower container through a tube connecting the containers. The containers had marks showing the water level, and the marks told the time.

Look at the picture right. Water drips from the higher container to the lower container. As the water level rises in the lower container, it raises the float on the surface of the water. The float is connected to a stick with notches, and as the stick rises, the notches turn a gear, which moves the hand that points to the time.

'Water clocks' were among the earliest time keeping devices that didn't use the observation of the celestial bodies to calculate the passage of time. The ancient Greeks, it is believed, began using water clocks around 325 BC. Most of these clocks were used to determine the hours of the night, but may have also been used during daylight. An inherent problem with the water clock was that they were not totally accurate, as the system of measurement was based on the flow of water either into, or out of, a container which had markers around the sides. Another very similar form was that of a bowl that sank during a period as it was filled of water from a regulated flow. It is known that water clocks were common across the Middle East, and that these were still being used in North Africa during the early part of the twentieth-century.

In the Far East, mechanised 'astronomical' and 'astrological' clock-making is known to have developed between 200-1300 AD. In 1088 AD, 'Su Sung' and his colleagues designed and constructed a highly complex mechanism that incorporated a water-driven escapement, invented about 725 AD. It was over seven metres in height and had all manor of mechanisms running simultaneously. During each hour an observer could view the movement of a power-driven armillary sphere, constructed of bronze rings, an automatically rotating celestial globe, together with five doors that allowed an enticing glimpse of seeing individual statues, all of which rang bells, banged gongs or held inscribed tablets showing the hour or a special time of the day. The appearance and actions would have appeared similar to the automaton we know so well today.

Dividing the Year into Months and Days
The Greeks divided the year into twelve parts that are called months. They divided each month into thirty parts that are called days. Their year had a total of 360 days, or 12 times 30 (12 x 30 = 360). Since the Earth goes around the Sun in one year and follows an almost circular path, the Greeks decided to divide the circle into 360 degrees.

Dividing the Day into Hours, Minutes, and Seconds
The Egyptians and Babylonians decided to divide the day from sunrise to sunset into twelve parts that are called hours. They also divided the night, the time from sunset to sunrise, into twelve hours. But the day and the night are not the same length, and the length of the day and night also changes through the year. This system of measuring the time was not very accurate because the length of an hour changed depending on the time of year. This meant that water clocks had to be adjusted every day.

Somebody finally figured out that by dividing the whole day into 24 hours of equal length (12 hours of the day plus 12 hours of the night), the time could be measured much more accurately.

Why was the day and night divided into 12 parts? Twelve is about the number of moon cycles in a year, so it is a special number in many cultures.

The hour is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. The idea of dividing the hour and minute into 60 parts comes from the Sumerian sexagesimal system, which is based on the number 60. This system was developed about 4,000 years ago.

Mechanical Clocks
In 1656, 'Christian Huygens' (Dutch scientist), made the first 'Pendulum clock', with a mechanism using a 'natural' period of oscillation. 'Galileo Galilei' is credited, in most historical books, for inventing the pendulum as early as 1582, but his design was not built before his death. Huygens' clock ,when built, had an error of 'less than only one minute a day'. This was a massive leap in the development of maintaining accuracy, as this had previously never been achieved. Later refinements to the pendulum clock reduced this margin of error to 'less than 10 seconds a day'.

Huygens, in 1657, developed what is known today as the 'balance wheel and spring assembly', which is still found in some of today's wrist watches. This allowed watches of the seventeenth-century to keep accuracy of time to approximately ten minutes a day. Meanwhile, in London, England (UK) in 1671, 'William Clement' began building clocks with an 'anchor' or 'recoil' escapement, which interfered even less with the perpetual motion of the pendulum system of clock.

'George Graham', in 1721, invented a design with the degree of accuracy to 'one second a day' by compensating for changes in the pendulum's length caused by temperature variations. The mechanical clock continued to develop until they achieved an accuracy of 'a hundredth-of-a-second a day', when the pendulum clock became the accepted standard in most astronomical observatories.

Pendulum Clocks
Before pendulum clocks were invented, Peter Henlein of Germany invented a spring-powered clock around 1510. It was not very precise. The first clock with a minute hand was invented by Jost Burgi in 1577. It also had problems. The first practical clock was driven by a pendulum. It was developed by Christian Huygens around 1656. By 1600, the pendulum clock also had a minute hand.

The pendulum swings left and right, and as it swings, it turns a wheel with teeth (see the picture to the right). The turning wheel turns the hour and minute hands on the clock. On the first pendulum clocks, the pendulum used to swing a lot (about 50 degrees). As pendulum clocks were improved, the pendulum swung a lot less (about 10 to 15 degrees). One problem with pendulum clocks is that they stopped running after a while and had to be restarted. The first pendulum clock with external batteries was developed around 1840. By 1906, the batteries were inside the clock.

As you already learned, a clock only shows 12 hours at a time, and the hour hand must go around the clock twice to measure 24 hours, or a complete day. To tell the first 12 hours of the day (from midnight to noon) apart from the second 12 hours of the day (from noon to midnight), we use these terms:

A.M.--Ante meridiem, from the Latin for "before noon"
P.M.-- Post meridiem, from the Latin for "after noon"
Quartz Crystal Clocks

Quartz is a type of crystal that looks like glass. When you apply voltage, or electricity, and pressure, the quartz crystal vibrates or oscillates at a very constant frequency or rate. The vibration moves the clock's hands very precisely. Quartz crystal clocks were invented in 1920.

Europe
During the period of 500-1500 AD, the development of time measuring devices in Europe is known not to have improved in any great way technologically, relying mainly on the use of the sundial and principles of measurement used in ancient Egypt.

These dials were placed above doorways and indicated the midday and four 'tides' or times of the sunlit day. In the tenth-century, one English (UK) model showed the marking of the tides compensated for including seasonal changes caused by the Sun's altitude.

In Italy, during the early-to-mid fourteenth-century, large mechanical clocks housed in towers began to appear in several of the large cities. These clocks appear to have been plagued by the same problem as that of the 'water clock', that of regulating the mechanisms and maintaining the accurate time. This appears to have been due to the oscillation period of the escapement depending on a driving force which had sufficient friction in the drive mechanism.

A technological advance came with the invention of the 'Spring-powered' clock, around 1500-1510, credited to 'Peter Henlein' of Nuremberg (Germany). These were instantly popular although the spring-powered clock did have one problem, that of slowing down when the mainspring unwound. In the sixteenth-century, and even through until the nineteenth-century, these clocks were mainly the reserve of the wealthy, when the reduced size meant it could now be put on a mantle shelf or table. The development of the spring-powered clock was the precursor to accurate time keeping

Time Zones
Because the Earth turns, it is daytime in part of the world when it is nighttime on the other side of the world. In 1884, delegates from 25 countries met and agreed to divide the world into time zones. If you draw a line around the middle of the Earth, it is a circle (equator). The delegates divided the 360 degrees of the circle into 24 zones, each 15 degrees (24 x 15 = 360). They decided to start counting from Greenwich, England, which is 0 degrees longitude. To see a larger picture of the standard time zones of the world, click the picture below.

Collecting Timepieces
Clocks that are collectible frequently have features that make them difficult and expensive to repair, such as a Brocot escapement. French clocks and Atmos clocks are collectible, but they are much more difficult to repair than other clocks and more difficult to keep running. Carriage clocks and Vienna Regulator wall clocks can be very difficult to repair and need repairs more frequently than other clocks. The same is true for grandfather clocks with tubular bells, such as Herschede and Elliott clocks. Mechanical anniversary clocks look simple but many are difficult to keep running.

Most older clocks that are bought used will need repairs because the seller is unlikely to have restored the mechanism, but rather just getting it to run well enough to be able to sell it. I can safely recommend three clocks, the Seth Thomas Ogee 30-hour clock, the Seth Thomas #89 clocks (and similar American clocks with "H" plates), and grandfather clocks with the Hermle 451 series (dated between about 1970 and 1985) mechanisms, though these clocks are abundant and therefore not desired by collectors.

These clocks are reliable and very durable. They are simple and therefore easy to repair. They are affordable to buy. There are many other good and more collectible clocks, but more knowledge and experience is required before buying one. Another problem to consider is that the cost of repair will frequently exceed half the market value of the clock, particularly with wall clocks and mantle clocks (such as the three clocks I recommended above), unless you are repairing them yourself.

Before buying a spring-driven clock, try to wind it to see if it has a broken mainspring. If the key turns and you hear the mainspring slip, the spring has broken at the outer end and there would probably be little or no damage to the gears. If the mainspring is fully wound, there is probably no damage either (exceptions sometimes include carriage clocks and French clocks). If the winding key turns easily and there is no load, the mainspring has broken near the inner end and there would probably be considerable damage to the gears. Be sure that parts are not missing, such as the pendulum or weights (if the clock was designed to have them).

Consider the age of the clock before buying. The older the clock, the more desirable and collectible it is. However, clocks made before about 1870 are usually more difficult to repair because the industry lacked good technology in the machines that were used to manufacture clock parts. Parts were finished and fitted by hand. The parts fit together less accurately than parts in newer clocks, which can create problems during repair. Some of the finest timepieces I have seen, in terms of quality and technology, were made between 1910 and 1950. Newer clocks have very accurately made parts, but manufacturers have increasingly been finding ways to lower production costs, frequently at the expense of quality, which is why I do not like most clocks made after 1985.

What To Look For
Right: A rare and historically important Queen Anne sidereal and mean time ebonised longcase regulator of month duration, by Thomas Tompion & Edward Banger, No. 483, circa 1708/9
Sold for £621,250
July 2003
London, King Street

With clocks, what you see is most definitely not all you get. It is important to look at the entire clock, not just the beautiful case but also the mechanical heart within.

Here's some quick advice:

Avoid so-called marriages, i.e., clocks whose authentic movement was removed and replaced with another not its own

Always try to buy the best in the price range you can afford (this also makes it easier to trade up at some time for a more expensive and more desirable piece)

If you are a beginner, decide early on about the form of the collection (e.g., you may want to specialize in carriage clocks, novelty clocks, 18th century English clocks, etc.)

Prices
Right: A Victorian walnut and brass striking skeleton clock with balance wheel escapement by James Condliff, circa 1850
Sold for £71,700
July 2003
London, King Street

Compared to other collecting fields, prices for antique clocks are relatively modest. A clock by a top maker will generally cost much less than a painting by a top artist of the same period. An 18th century English bracket clock by a good maker can be purchased at auction for less than £10,000 (approximately $15,000).

A collector can start with a French 19th century French decorative mantel clock or a French striking carriage clock from the latter part of the 19th century with a repeat facility or an alarm, which will cost around £600 (or $900).

As is the case with all antiques, rarity and condition are very important and affect price. Christie's London sold a Queen Anne ebony miniature table clock with pull quarter repeat for more than £350,000 or more than $500,000 (December 2000).

Introduction to clocks
Clocks have been appreciated and treasured since at least the 17th century and, despite their popularity, are available at a wide range of prices. Here we look at what you need to know if you're thinking of beginning a collection.

The value of a clock depends on its maker, the movement, the case and its condition. Plain carriage clocks are available from about £200, and a late 19th-century long-case from around £800.

Unlike many other types of antiques, clocks are 'working' antiques. You can appreciate them for their visual appeal and technical mastery - and they also serve as timekeepers.

If you're a novice collector thinking of investing in a clock, it's probably best to buy one in working order. Most clocks can be repaired, but restoring a 'bargain' can be a laborious and expensive business, and unless the problem is very straightforward it's often cheaper in the long run to buy a clock that's been properly overhauled and restored to working order by a skilled clockmaker.

Most clocks are relatively easy to date and identify because they were signed by their maker on the dial and movement, and records of most makers have survived. A clock's visual appeal, however, lies largely in its case, which usually reflects the style of furniture of the period.

There are three key elements which you should access before buying a clock: the mechanism, or movement; the dial; and the case.

Movements
The movement consists of a system of brass and steel wheels and gears, known as the train. It's usually housed between two brass plates.

The escapement. This is the part of the movement that controls the speed at which a clock runs.

The verge or balance wheel escapement. The balance wheel escapement was used on lantern clocks until c.1760. The oscillating balance wheel releases the two pallets of 'flags' on the vertical bar, which engage the toothed wheel. The verge escapement is similar but has a short pendulum.

The anchor escapement. This was first used in long-cases from c.1670, and became standard for long-cases and brackets. The anchor engages with the teeth of the escape wheel. Clocks with an anchor may have a long or short pendulum.

Pendulums
Weight-driven and spring-driven clocks usually have a pendulum to control the clock's speed. The pendulum is a brass or steel rod with a metal disc, or bob, at the bottom. Adjusting the position of the bob on the rod alters the timekeeping of the clock.

Dials
A. Chapter ring
B. Subsidiary dial
C. Calendar aperture
D. Applied corner spandrels
E. Winding holes
F. Hour hand
G. Minute hand
H. Dial arch
I. Engraved boss
J. 'Matted' centre

The dial is the face of the clock and is attached to the movement by a number of brass 'feet'. A dial has an important bearing on price. Clocks with replaced dials are much less desirable. There are four main types of dial:

Brass dials. These are the earliest type of dial, used on lantern, bracket and long-case clocks. These have the hours engraved onto a detachable chapter ring.

Painted metal dials. These are found on most clocks after c.1800. They became increasingly elaborate in the 19th century.

Painted wooden dials. These are found on English dial clocks, tavern clocks and continental clocks. If authentic, the wood will show some signs of cracking caused by changes in temperature.

Enamelled metal dials. These are common on carriage clocks and other types of French clock. They're made from enamel fired on top of thin copper.

Hands. Early clocks only have one hand (for hours), but from c.1660 most have both a minute and an hour hand. Second hands are usually shown on a subsidiary dial. Hands are usually made from blued steel, although gilded brass is found from c.1790. Until c.1740 the hour hand was elaborate, while the minute hand was longer and simpler. Replacement hands are acceptable if they're in the right style.

Cases. The case houses the dial and the movement. Knowledge of materials and styles is useful in dating a clock and in assessing its value.

Wooden cases. These were introduced in the 17th century. Many cases are covered with thin veneers of wood. The most common woods are ebony, walnut, mahogany and rosewood. Wooden cases may be decorated with marquetry (patterns made from different woods), lacquer, applied metal mounts, brass inlay (on rosewood cases), or a combination of tortoiseshell and brass (boulle work).

Metal cases. Brass is the most common metal: all carriage clocks are brass-cased. Old brass is uneven and shows marks left by the casting process, while modern rolled brass is of uniform thickness. Brass cases may be elaborately engraved or decorated with enamel colours.

Signatures. Most clocks are signed, although a signature isn't always a guarantee that the clock was made by the maker whose signature it bears. 19th century clocks may be signed by the retailer rather than the maker.

Genuine signatures are usually found in the following places: until 1690, along the bottom of the dial plate; from 1690 to 1720, on the chapter ring; after 1720, on the chapter ring, on the boss in the arch or on an applied plaque.

Bracket clocks
The term bracket clock is used nowadays to describe all clocks with short pendulums and spring-driven mechanisms. They range from simple, solid designs to extremely ornate decorative ones. Despite the name, not all of these clocks stood on wall brackets. They were also placed on tables and mantelpieces, and they're sometimes called mantel clocks or table clocks.

A brief history
Bracket clocks were made from about 1660. The earliest ones had square brass dials, but by the beginning of the 18th century, arched dials became more common.

The English bracket clocks you're most likely to come across are those with mahogany veneered cases. Large numbers were produced from the late 18th and early 19th century, mainly in London, and you can still find clocks of this type for about £3,000 to £6,000.

It's also easy to find French 19th-century clocks, which were made in a wide variety of shapes. Many of these incorporate such lavish decoration that you may need to take a second look before you realise they're clocks at all.

Early brackets

Early (pre-1700) bracket clocks, such as this one from about 1695, are usually the most valuable. You can generally identify them by their ebony or walnut cases and elaborately decorated square dials.

Regency clocks
You can recognize a bracket clock made in the Regency period as it will usually have a convex dial signed by its maker, simple hands made from brass or blued steel, and a mahogany or rosewood case. A clock like the one shown would be worth about £4,500.

French bracket clocks
Depending on the degree of elaboration, prices for French clocks start at about £500. This one is decorated with a bronze figure of a black woman (representing Africa) and a gilt panther and tortoise and is worth £5,000 or more.

Bracket clock tips

Makers
The value of a clock is greatly increased if it's signed by a famous maker. The dial and backplate of this clock are signed by Thomas Tompion. Known as the father of English clock making, Tompion is one of the most famous English clock makers and this piece would therefore be worth more than £100,000!

Mahogany brackets

Most mahogany clocks are larger than earlier ebony or walnut ones. The one shown at the top of the page, which dates from about 1785, is of standard size and measures 51cm (20in) high. It would cost about £7,500.

Both elaborate and simple cases were made from mahogany. The 1875 clock here has a fairly simple one, but the clocks illustrated here show some of the more elaborate variations.

Carriage clocks
Few people today would think of packing a carriage clock when they go on a journey, yet this is what they were designed for. They usually have brass cases with handles and many originally came with a leather travelling case. They're among the least expensive types of antique clocks available. You can buy less elaborate models for about £300 to £600, although quality ones may cost more than £2,000.

French carriage clocks
While a few were made in England, nearly all carriage clocks were made in France during the 19th and early 20th century.

Features to look for are:

Repeat buttons
Some carriage clocks have a repeat button on the top of the case: when the button is pressed the clock repeats the last hour struck. The one at the top of the page was made by Henri Jacot in about 1890 and would be valued at between £900 and £1,800.

Engraved cases
Engraved-case carriages are more valuable than plain ones. Look for elaborate, detailed decoration which covers as much of the case as possible. This one was made by Le Roy & Fils in about 1865 and would cost about £2,000 to £3,000.

Makers
Look out for clocks made by:

Subsidiary dials
Clocks with subsidiary dials are especially desirable. This English carriage, which is worth about £900, has an alarm dial. Some clocks also have dials showing seconds or the days of the week.

Longcase clocks
Longcases, popularly known as grandfather clocks, are among the most appealing of all antique clocks. Most were made in England between the late 17th and 19th centuries, although lesser numbers were also produced in Europe and America. The standard longcase runs for eight days and has an anchor escapement (see Introduction to clocks).

Value pointers
Like most types of clock, the value of a longcase depends on the quality of the case, movement and dial.

If a clock has an unusual or attractively painted dial, or an elaborate marquetry or lacquered case, it will cost more than a run-of-the-mill version.

Size can also have a bearing on price. Smaller longcases are usually more expensive than larger ones, and for good reason. In the past, rooms had higher ceilings than modern homes, and longcase clocks tended to be designed in proportion. So don't forget to check that a longcase will fit before you buy it!

Names to look out for
The mahogany clock right, is signed by a Birmingham clock maker named Edward White. Longcases by London makers are usually particularly sought after, especially Thomas Mudge Sr, William Dutton and John Holmes.

Mahogany longcases
Mahogany was used to make longcases from the mid 18th century until the 19th century. Because the one at the top of the page, from 1875, is fairly elaborate it's worth around £2,000. But you can find simple 19th-century versions from about £1,000.

Originally square, dials became arched in about 1720. Most longcases have brass dials, like the main picture here, or painted ones. Brass dials are usually 30cm (12in) in diameter and have an applied chapter ring (the band showing the numbers) and applied spandrels (corners).

Walnut longcases
Some of the earliest longcase clocks were covered with walnut veneers over an oak carcass. Cross-banded veneers (a strip laid at right angles to the main veneer) add to the value. One like this would fetch more than £20,000.

Marquetry longcases
Floral marquetry was a popular way of decorating longcases between 1680 and 1710. Earlier examples have small inset panels of marquetry decoration. On later ones, such as this, the design covers the entire surface. This clock would cost upwards of £12,000.

Novelty and skeleton clocks
Novelty clocks, which tell the time in a particularly unusual or intriguing way, are among the most fascinating of all clocks. Most of those seen today date from the 19th century when they were produced by French, Swiss and English makers.

Mystery clocks
This is one of the most common types of novelty clock. With the clock pictured right, the movement, concealed in the base, rotates the figure slightly from left to right, and this motion makes the pendulum swing, even though the figure holding it seems unconnected to the mechanism. A clock like this would cost about £2,500.

Automaton clocks
Automaton clocks are among the most varied and valuable of novelty clocks. This one is relatively simple - it contains a bird which every hour sings a melodic nightingale song, while flapping its wings, turning its head, and opening its beak. Expect to pay between £4,000 and £6,000 for something like this.

Value
The value of a novelty clock will depend on its rarity, appearance and the complexity of its moving features, rather than the clock mechanism. Condition is particularly important, as broken novelty clocks can be extremely expensive to repair.

Skeleton clocks
Skeleton clocks are ones that reveal as much of the working mechanism as possible. English-made ones are usually far more complex and elaborate than those made in France.

This typically elaborate clock (with its protective glass dome removed) dates from about 1870. It was made by J Smith & Sons and is worth £6,000 to £12,000.

• carefully dust and wax wooden cases
• never attempt to clean brass or silvered dials
• ask an expert to oil and clean the clock's mechanism
• hold clocks upright if you're moving them from one room to another
• secure or remove the pendulum before a long journey

• Excessive dryness as it causes wood veneers to crack and lift
• Direct sunlight as it causes fading of the color of wooden cases
• Humidity as it can damage wood and metal
• Damp floors, which can cause the base of a longcase clock to rot

More Information
Meet with other clock collectors through organizations such as the:

Antiquarian Horological Society
New House, High Street, Ticehurst
Sussex TN5 7AL, England
Tel: +44 (0)1580 200155
Fax: +44 (0)1580 201323
ahsoc.demon.co.uk

Association Française des Amateurs d'Horlogerie Ancienne (AFAHA)
Boîte Postale 33
25012 Besançon cedex, France
Tel: +33 (0)3 81 82 26 74
Fax: +33 (0)3 81 83 57 24
afaha.com

British Horological Institute
Upton Hall, Upton, Newark
Notts. NG23 5TE, England
Tel: +44 (0)1636 813795
Fax: +44 (0)1636 812258
bhi.co.uk

National Association of Watch & Clock Collectors (NAWCC)
514 Poplar Street
Columbia, PA 17512-2130, USA
Tel: +1 717 684 8261
Fax: +1 717 684 0878
nawcc.org

• Visit the clock collection of various museums:

Austria: Uhrenmuseum der Stadt Wien, Vienna
England: The British Museum, London
France: Musée d'Horlogerie, Morteau
Germany: Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Furtwang
Holland: Museum of Dutch Clocks, Zaandam
Switzerland: Musée d'Horlogerie, Neuchâtel
United States: Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago

• Christie's specialists are always available to help you form a clocks collection

Collector's Dictionary of Clocks and Watches by Eric Bruton

A Connoisseur's Guide to Antique Clocks & Watches by Ronald Pearsall

Encyclopedia of Antique American Clocks by Robert W. Swedberg & Harriett Swedberg

Watch and Clockmakers' Handbook, Dictionary and Guide by F.J. Britten

Collectable Clocks 1840-1940 by Alan and Rita Shenton

British Longcase Clocks by D. Roberts

Carriage Clocks by Charles Allix

The Collectors Dictionary of Clocks by Alan Lloy

Horology.com

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